freakonomics individualism29 Mar freakonomics individualism
And we see that the combination of high individualism, high masculinity, and high short-termism can produce some chaos, at the very least. And it was like, This stuff is really lousy. HENRICH: You want to be the same self, regardless of who youre talking to or what context youre in. Today, an overview of the cultural differences. GELFAND: If these kinds of cultural differences are happening at the highest levels, we better start understanding this stuff.. Some of the measurable differences were a bit odd. According to a decades-long research project, the U.S. is not only the most individualistic country on earth; were also high on indulgence, short-term thinking, and masculinity (but low on uncertainty avoidance, if that makes you feel better). Henrich and a couple of colleagues came up with the WEIRD label when he was teaching at the University of British Columbia. Hofstede argues that American short-termism has a deep influence on how we engage with other countries. I had been led to believe, by you, that you are as dumb as bricks. So $10 in this case. HOFSTEDE: Yes. Heres another culture metaphor another watery one from the Dutch culture scholar Gert Jan Hofstede. HOFSTEDE: It means that you only need rules when youre going to use them. the Machiguenga were much closer to the predictions of Homo economicus, The Relationship Between Cultural TightnessLooseness and COVID-19 Cases and Deaths: A Global Analysis, States of Emergency: The Most Disaster-Prone States in the US, A Global Analysis of Cultural Tightness in Non-Industrial Societies, Have You Tried to Help Your Pet Lose Weight? You Arent Alone as Most Cats and Dogs in the U.S. are Overweight, The Loosening of American Culture Over 200 Years is Associated With a CreativityOrder Trade-Off, Speaking a Tone Language Enhances Musical Pitch Perception in 35-Year-Olds, TightnessLooseness Across the 50 United States, The Mller-Lyer Illusion in a Computational Model of Biological Object Recognition, Chaos Theory: A Unified Theory of Muppet Types, Egypt: Crime Soars 200 Per Cent Since Hosni Mubarak Was Ousted, Status and the Evaluation of Workplace Deviance. Because the purpose of this conversation is to try and understand exactly how (and why) the U.S. is different, and individualism is the dimension on which we are the biggest outlier. HOFSTEDE: Because its true: the very same dimensions under different circumstances, can work the other way. More information on phishing. The next cultural dimension is what Hofstede and his late father called masculinity. That title is a bit misleading. This really contrasts with lots of places where there are legitimate traditional authorities and people tend to defer to those authorities. What was I.B.M. Nobody can feel insulted. Joe HENRICH: Culture is information stored in peoples heads that got there via some kind of learning process, usually social learning. And also, of course, people listening to this: Make it happen, come on. Because if you try something new, you show to the people around you that you are an individual and you can make your own decisions. Theres some D.N.A. And this led to this project where we did in lots of places hunter-gatherers, pastoralists, Africa, Papua New Guinea. Categories like age, gender, job type, job seniority, and so on. GELFAND: Sometimes people actually revert back into their cultural chambers. BUSH: Allied air forces began an attack on military targets in Iraq and Kuwait. Fortune, by the Hitchhikers; the rest of the music this week was composed byLuis Guerra. We often look to other countries for smart policies on education, healthcare, infrastructure, etc. If youre violating the social order, youre going to be punished.. And things worked out well for them for a bit. When youre trying to understand the nature of something, an outside view can be extremely helpful. There are plenty of looser people in tight countries and vice versa. When it was time for college, Gelfand went all the way to upstate New York: Colgate University. And democratic. Wade meant that these unwanted children were not being bornthus, they could not grow up to be criminals. Some of the countries with high power distance: Russia, China, and Mexico. GELFAND: If youre in contexts where theres a lot of rules, you develop from a very early age that impulse control. There is some overlap between these six dimensions and some of the ideas we talked about in last weeks episode particularly the notion that some national cultures tend to be tight and others loose. When Americans did this experiment, a third of them conformed and gave an obviously wrong answer. And what does he have to say about American culture? He wrote a paper about it. DUBNER: Do you think the average American and the average fill in the blank Laotian, Peruvian, Scot will be substantially more alike in 20 or 50 years, or not necessarily? The first player needs to offer enough money to satisfy the second player or the first player gets nothing. And: In present-day Scandinavia levels of individualism would thus have been significantly higher had emigration not occurred.. HOFSTEDE: My father was schooled as an engineer, actually electrical engineer. We look at how these traits affect our daily lives and why we couldn . Wed rather think about solutions temporarily rather than as, this might take some time. It means that we need to attract different types of people to an organization. We will leave you with a patriotic tribute from one last transplanted U.S. comedian. This failure leads to confusion at the very least, but quite possibly deeper misunderstandings, perhaps all the way up to hatred and violent conflict. DUBNER: Name some of the highest and lowest countries on this dimension. DUBNER: I like those rules. Feb 15, 2023. HOFSTEDE: So in an indulgent society, theres going to be free love, theres going to be good music, theres going to be dancing, theres going to be violent crime. HOFSTEDE: Okay, no, I was just being naughty. And there are other inconsistencies, especially in a country as large and diverse as the U.S. For instance, where you live. I think thats a good litmus test of tight-loose. And yes, well talk about what makes America, America at least as seen through the eyes of Kumail Nanjiani, who was born in Pakistan. And I was like, This is every day in America! But then she took a semester abroad, to London. So, culture is about values, beliefs, absorbed ideas and behaviors. after? This carries over into many areas of society, including the labor market. We promise no spam. So that can be very beneficial. Tight cultures, she writes, are usually found in South and East Asia, the Middle East, and in European countries of Nordic and Germanic origin.. Now, keep in mind this was London, English-speaking London not Uzbekistan or Botswana, even Mexico. But first, Hofstede had to make sure that the differences he was seeing in the data werent specific to I.B.M. HOFSTEDE: Which doesnt mean egoism, but it could go that way. The legendary bestseller that made millions look at the world in a radically different way returns in a new edition, now including an exclusive discussion between the authors and bestselling professor of psychology Angela Duckworth. But no. In our . Im a professor of human evolutionary biology at Harvard University. And a lot of those presumptions come from how men function within the context of various religious practices. It was freedom from all these debilitating things because the state would be able to provide for you. Episode 470 The Pros and Cons of America's (Extreme) Individualism. And then I meet you all, and then youre not. Freakonomics is a registered service mark of Renbud Radio, LLC. HENRICH: Bigger cities are associated with faster walking, but individualism over and above that predicts faster walking. Oh say, can you see, the home run I just hit. So its not necessarily the case that my country is better. They want to be happy. Theres a good side of every dimension, including uncertainty avoidance. The Pros and Cons of America's (Extreme) Individualism Freakonomics Radio. Capital W-E-I-R-D, which stands for: HENRICH: Western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic. NEAL: I think its helpful to think about culture in terms of a big C and a little c, the little c being those everyday things that we sometimes dont elevate to a level of culture. Some researchers looked at these results and came up with a new label for humans in this context: Homo reciprocans. And its not because they themselves dont have collective experiences, particularly within ethnicity, but part of the price of becoming American is to give up the collectivity of your ethnic background. GELFAND: So, that has a lot of other effects on debt, on alcoholism, on recreational drug use. China is also very collectivistic and so are the Southeast Asian countries, but not Japan. Because for all the so-called globalization of the past half-century or so, the U.S. still differs from other countries in many ways. Then came SuperFreakonomics, a documentary film, an award-winning podcast, and more.. Now, with Think Like a Freak, Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner have written their most revolutionary book yet.With their trademark blend of captivating storytelling and . HENRICH: Because Americans and Westerners more generally are psychologically unusual from a global perspective. When you have teenagers, youre tight, at least for me. HENRICH: But if you want to talk about humans, then you have a problem. This interest goes back to those negotiations between Jim Baker and Tariq Aziz. Freakonomics Radiois produced by Stitcher and Renbud Radio. So its hard to simply transplant another countrys model for education or healthcare, no matter how well it might seem to fit. But the Hofstede definition of long-termism is a bit more nuanced: it means seeing the world as being in a constant state of flux, which means always preparing for the future. NEAL: Were a country that presumes male leadership. HOFSTEDE: Look, guys, we can do it. HOFSTEDE: And blue-collar. Every action or every fact or every move has a system around it. We need to have different types of leadership. It turns out that Americans were among the least likely to conform. We put in a bunch of other checks and controls. In a society in which 95 percent of adults are highly literate, he writes, people have a thicker corpus callosum than a society in which only 5 percent of people are highly literate. The corpus callosum is the bunch of nerve fibers that unites the two brain hemispheres. I think those fundamental religious beliefs extend to the American view of what leadership should look like outside of the church in the corporation, in the legislatures, and what have you. Thats right: we are No. You may decide to go another way, but that doesnt make the river change. GELFAND: I was planning to become a cross-cultural trainer to work at the State Department and train people to understand culture. And she doesnt love to exercise. Yes, other phenomena like how things smell to us. You can never admit weakness or failure. That is something that fundamentally many whites dont understand, right? Still, Gelfands horizons were suddenly expanded; and her curiosity was triggered. In the U.S., it was freedom to do whatever the hell that you wanted to. Sinopsis. Michael Fay wasnt a tourist; he was living in Singapore with his family, attending an American school. And how does this extraordinarily high level of individualism versus collectivism play out? Spoiler alert: This dimension is one of the six in which the U.S. is the biggest outlier in the world. Freakonomics Essay. If basic things like visual illusions are not universal, what about other phenomena? You have to behave like a family member if you want to be one. GELFAND: We have a whole new map of the U.S. where we can actually rank-order the U.S. 50 states in terms of how much threat they have. who thought, This is important, and having answers about what the workers value will make us better bosses and its going to be good for the company. So there was quite an enlightened atmosphere, and there was a lot of money in those times. The findings, published in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, show that increasing socioeconomic development is an especially strong predictor of increasing individualistic practices and values . As always, thanks for listening and again, I do hope you'll also start . But its not only compliance. GELFAND: Exactly. And life is an adventure. Mark Anthony Neal of Duke is not surprised that the U.S. scores relatively high on the masculinity scale. By late 2009, the book had sold over 4 million copies worldwide. But everybody, of course, instinctively feels and should feel that their country, or whatever their tribe is, is the best in the world. Both are long-term oriented, so they see a lot of context around things. He was a professor in both the economics and psychology departments, which was weird in its own way lower-case weird since Henrich had never taken a course in either subject. Here in the U.S., its actually a rule violation to call out people who are violating norms. According to a decades-long research project, the U.S. is not only the most individualistic country on earth; were also high on indulgence, short-term thinking, and masculinity (but low on uncertainty avoidance, if that makes you feel better). But Bush also wanted to avoid going to war with Iraq. Well call it The U.S. Is Very Different from Other Countries So Lets Stop Pretending Its Not. Its the first in a series of episodes where well look at different pieces of that difference. And I could see there, a little bit similarly to the U.S., how the various ethnicities are trying to live together. Based on the given excerpt above from Freakonomics, the claim that is supported by the evidence in this excerpt is that, The close relationship between sumo wrestlers could be an incentive for an elite wrestler to throw a match he doesn't need to win. But that makes sense. DUBNER: What problem was he, and later you, trying to solve by doing this work? Steven D. Levitt, the self-described "Rogue Economist" of the title, uses this tool to analyze a random assortment of . And we did find a number of learned people who had data to back up the hypothesis. To become American and to be American is to be individual. HENRICH: This cashes out in an ability to make better abstract or absolute judgment. Whereas uncertainty avoidance means you have lots of etiquette and ritual. DUBNER: So does all the data come from workplace interviews essentially of white-collar and pink-collar workers, or does it go broader than that? HOFSTEDE: Well, if you want an honest answer, I think mainly our own curiosity. So, yeah, that is WEIRD. Stay up-to-date on all our shows. I hate to call out Michele Gelfand, but even in the loosest of cultures, dogs dont have unfettered access to food. So this is quite a while ago. In the beginning, Feldman left behind an open basket for the cash, but too often the money vanished. It's part of our founding D.N.A. I get these words out so I can get on to the next thing. But for folks who are pushed out of the mainstream you know, Black folks have rarely had the luxury of thinking about just simply being themselves. HENRICH: If you go to other societies, people are much more willing to give the same wrong answer to go along with others. Offers went up as high as 55 or 60 percent in some places and then down around 25 percent in other places. NEAL: Thereve been a lot of conversations about what it means to be on a grind. And we found the full spectrum of variation. How much time have you spent thinking about what makes America, America? In Brazil and Greece, youre not entirely sure what time it is. I was on the phone with my dad, and I said, You know, its really crazy, all the differences between the U.K. and the U.S.. Read the excerpt from Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner's Freakonomics. So, Japan has been hit by Mother Nature for centuries. Controlling for a variety of other factors, they found that looser countries the U.S., Brazil, Italy, and Spain have had roughly five times the number of Covid cases and nearly nine times as many deaths as tighter countries. GELFAND: We analyzed shifts in tightness over 200 years. You could just do an across-the-board search of various Western religions and look at who the figureheads are. Freakonomics is a groundbreaking collaboration between Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner, an award-winning author and journalist. He saw that there were clearer patterns between countries than between job seniority, or male-female, or whatever else. Thats to say that it emphasizes privacy and independence, like the U.S., but its much more egalitarian. Youre going to be shut down. Im like, Were going to go to Singapore if you people dont behave.. A dream team of directors e. I dont want to be a doom thinker. You can think about it at the household level. Greeks are very strong on that. Paperback - April 22, 2020. But thats only the first study. But the big C in my mind is very different than the little c.. You know, the thing that rap artists were talking about 25 years ago, Im on my grind. Its rooted in this ethos of always working, always pushing forward, always being on the top of your game. And we found that people from minority or even women backgrounds were seen as violating something more severely and were subject to higher punishment without even people realizing this. we're looking out for the best interest of our individual pursuits. Why have rules if you dont use them? Those should be the new words to your national anthem. But it can make life harder for the millions of Americans who arent so entrepreneurial, or rugged, or individualistic. And you need revolutions in order to change the government. Joe Henrich points out that even our religions are competitive. Public school quality B. DUBNER: What does an institution like the Navy see as the upsides of more looseness? Theyre what we call tight cultures. Then he tried a coffee can with a money slot in its plastic lid, which also proved too tempting. So if you only want to talk about American psychology, youre fine. BROADCASTER: The subject denies the evidence of his own eyes and yields to group influence. Theyre not supposed to be the boss. By this time, Hofstede the Elder had already gotten a Ph.D. in social science. We visit the world's busiest airport to see . Michele Gelfand has another example of how culture shapes perception. But some cultures strictly abide by their norms. The Pros and Cons of America's (Extreme) Individualism (Ep. This realization is what led us to todays episode of Freakonomics Radio. He grew up in England. And as long as you dont kill somebody behind the wheel of a car, your right to do whatever you want to do to yourself is protected. Those are the upsides. And all those things need to be realigned when you really have a true culture change. And that also means that fighting is a good way to get what you want. (Part 1 of " Freakonomics Radio Takes to the Skies .") I think the models dont account for that because you cant account for that, right? He contrasts places like Egypt, that had strict rules for authority and gender and purity, with the Persians who, using my terminology, he would have said that they were quite loose. The five loosest countries according to this analysis were Ukraine, Estonia, Hungary, Israel, and the Netherlands. GELFAND: In Germany and in Japan, the clocks are really synchronized. The answer to that is usually: no, you cant. They set out to explore the inner workings of a crack gang, the truth about real estate agents, the secrets of the Ku Klux Klan, and much more. I think Joe Biden, for instance, hes trying to play the card of, Were all Americans. Did you know there is an entire academic field called cross-cultural psychology? He started working as an engineer during turbulent years of rebuilding, and soon became a personnel manager. It is that the wealth comes first, and the individualism follows. Henrich takes a more nuanced view: HENRICH: To explain the massive economic growth that weve seen in the last 200 years, you need to explain the continuous and, for a long time, accelerating rate of innovation that occurred. All contents Freakonomics. Tightness and compliance would seem to go hand-in-hand. HENRICH: My favorite explanation for this I think this has been put out most clearly by a sociologist named Rodney Stark is that with freedom of religion, you get competition amongst religious organizations. Freakonomics, M.D. Freakonomics Science 4.7 932 Ratings; Each week, physician and economist Dr. Bapu Jena will dig into a fascinating study at the intersection of economics and healthcare. If someone acts in an inappropriate way, will others strongly disapprove in this country? Heres another: Are there very clear expectations for how people should act in most situations? In 2018, Gelfand published a book of these findings called Rule Makers, Rule Breakers: How Tight and Loose Cultures Wire Our World. HENRICH: So Americans tend to be more work-obsessed than other people. Coming up, how Americas creative looseness has produced a strange, global effect: HENRICH: The scientific discipline of psychology is dominated by Americans. He did some work in the factory and it shaped him to a great extent because there, he could see that the world of the organization looks so differently from the floor than it does from above. You can followFreakonomics RadioonApple Podcasts,Spotify,Stitcher, orwherever you get your podcasts. That, again, is the cross-cultural psychologist Michele Gelfand. DUBNER: I find that people who dont load dishwashers carefully are usually pretty loose with the planning. 1424 Words. Another one: impatience. It means you really want to know and youre not satisfied until you know. A loose country, like the U.S., tends to do well in creativity and innovation; in tolerance and openness; in free speech and a free press. GELFAND: I really had a lot of culture shock. Chronic threat meaning a country is prone to natural disasters, or disease, or hostile invaders. Its also the cleaning lady. Heres Mark Anthony Neal of Duke: NEAL: Historically, power has been obscure. thats always there. According to a decades-long research project, the U.S. is not only the most individualistic country on earth; we're also high on indulgence, short-term thinking, and masculinity (but low on "uncertain. The Pros and Cons of America's (Extreme) Individualism (Ep. These were surveys of I.B.M.s own employees around the world. That is generated by looseness. 493 Update) Adam Smith famously argued that specialization is the key to prosperity. You have to pronounce it right. So, yes, the same attributes that can be a big problem can also be a big boost. They can freely float about. But, lets look at the pandemic from a different angle: which country produced the most effective Covid-19 vaccines? Why Does the Most Monotonous Job in the World Pay $1 Million? Most Black people who live in America today are descended from people brought here as slave labor. The converse, which is what Anglo societies are high on, means you dont care about ambiguity. It was: And your culture, your American culture, is very different. At this point, we should probably define terms. As of today, it covers six dimensions or, as the Hofstedes put it, six basic issues that society needs to organize itself. Its called the 6-D, or 6-Dimension, Model of National Culture, and it is one of the most intriguing explanations Ive ever seen for why American society is such an outlier in the world for better and worse. After reading Freakonomics it really opens the reader's eyes to unseen things in everyday life. GELFAND: I grew up on Long Island. Then you can have something very good happening. Thats Mark Anthony Neal of Duke University. We just need to do it. And you could have a perfect storm in that direction. When theyre by themselves, the vast majority of people who do this experiment get the right answer, like in this archival tape of an Asch conformity test. In 1990, when Gelfand was a graduate student, she followed the news as Iraq invaded Kuwait. Michele Gelfand wasnt interested in that. Hence the term, the changing same. I think there are historical moments that are transcendent. DUBNER: That implies to me that 100 years from now, all these countries will all have the same characteristics. And thats helped to produce the looseness that exists to this day. So they might offer, say, 10 out of the 100. Since his first study, many people have started to do similar studies. to let him focus even more on this data. You could argue that treating your own children as if theyre special may make it harder to care as much about other peoples children. The comedians John Oliver, Hannah Gadsby, and Kumail Nanjiani all grew up outside the U.S. HOFSTEDE: For the U.S.A., the world is like a market. HENRICH: Some people grow up speaking languages like Mandarin, where you have to learn to distinguish words just by the tone. But somehow, that diversity and that early celebration of permissiveness has overridden that. She was majoring in pre-med. This suggests that looseness and tightness can co-exist. HOFSTEDE: I like this question a lot. Individualism has had a tremendous impact, not only on culture, but on social theory as well, and political philosophy in particular. And they pass another fish, who says, Hey, boys, hows the water? And theyre like, What the heck is water?. HENRICH: We have a kind of religiosity equivalent to somewhere like Kuwait. Ultimatum Game Bargaining Among the Machiguenga of the Peruvian Amazon, U.S. Student Tells of Pain Of His Caning In Singapore, Singapores Relations With U.S. The examples include: school teachers and sumo wrestlers cheating, the Ku Klux . And I was interested in this, and I thought maybe it would tell us something about an innate human psychology for reciprocity or something like that. And it drives us crazy. You can followFreakonomics RadioonApple Podcasts,Spotify,Stitcher, orwherever you get your podcasts. HENRICH: They are self-enhancing, which means they try to promote their attributes. Heres what Hofstede told us last week about culture: HOFSTEDE: If youre part of a society, youre like one drop in the Mississippi River. Theres far less stigmatization of people in terms of their race, their religion. We look at how these traits affect . Insight, for the authors (economist Steven Levitt and journalist Stephen J. Dubner) is all about explaining behaviour in terms of the incentives and dis-incentives (rewards and penalties) that drive it. Hitchhikers ; the rest of the countries with high power distance: Russia, China, and so are Southeast! Equivalent to somewhere like Kuwait countries on this data these were surveys of I.B.M.s own employees around the world #... Culture shapes perception traditional authorities and people tend to freakonomics individualism realigned when you have a perfect in! 1 million just by the Hitchhikers ; the rest of the countries with power. These words out so I can get on to the next thing late father called masculinity realization... The Dutch culture scholar Gert Jan hofstede when he was living in Singapore with his family attending! Ll also start, boys, hows the water? we engage with countries. Orwherever you get your Podcasts presumes male leadership in Singapore with his family, an... 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