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But he also wants to show that Gods purpose in permitting persecution is to discipline the Jews in order that he may not take vengeance on us afterwards when our sins have reached their height (6:12-17). After his death in battle c. 161 B.C.E., his brother Jonathan succeeds him. This work no longer exists, but is the basis for 2 Maccabees.) Reflect on whether you think that Mattathias and his sons were right to rebel against their Greek oppressors.We are challenged about how we should behave towards our enemies and how we should act as Gods agents, wherever we live in the world. The author was an enthusiastic a supporter of the Maccabees who shows little sympathy with either their Jewish or Greek opponents. It tells how the Greek ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted to suppress the practice of basic Jewish religious law, resulting in the Hasmonean revolt against Seleucid rule. Many observant Jews flee from the capital, but others readily accept Antiochus' policies. VERSE 34. 2:4), the third son of Mattathias, the hero of the war of Jewish independence against Syria. The surviving Greek script has Hebraisms and Hebrew idioms. This caused the Maccabean revolt, led by Mattathias and his sons. As a surname it was also applied to his brothers and, by extension, to the seven martyred brothers (2 Macc.7). VERSE 2. 63 Today they will be exalted, but tomorrow they will not be found, because they will have returned to the dust, and their plans will have perished. Editor's note: The following homily delivered by the Reverend Peter M. J. Stravinskas, Ph.D, S.T.D., on 1 August 2017, commemoration of the Holy Maccabees (Extraordinary Form) at the Church of . Later Jewish leaders thought poorly of the rule of the Hasmonean dynasty for several reasons, and a document so openly celebratory of them was problematic. 1 Samuel. The name Maccabee, probably meaning hammer, is actually applied in the Books of Maccabees to only one man, Judas, third son of the priest Mattathias and first leader of the revolt against the Seleucid kings who persecuted the Jews (1Mc 2:4, 66; 2Mc 8:5, 16; 10:1, 16). VERSE 1. His son, Ptolemy III Euergetes, extended his empire into Persia. VERSE 59. Updates? 2 Kings. 1.12.70 The rise of Antiochus IV Epiphanes and subsequent crisis3.19.22 The leadership of Judas Maccabeus in the revolt against the Greeks9.2312.53 The leadership of Jonathan (Judas brother)13.116.24 The leadership and subsequent assignation of Simon (also a brother of Judas), 1.12.32 Letters from Jews in Jerusalem to those in Egypt3.16.31 The conquest of Jerusalem by Antiochus IV Epiphanes7.1-42 The torture and murder of seven brothers and their mother8.19.29 The victory of Judas Maccabeus over the Greeks10.1-38 The purification of the Temple11.115.39 Ongoing conflict and the eventual victory of Judas. Many scholars suggest that these Church Fathers may have had access to a Biblical Aramaic paraphrase of the workmost Christians writers of the time did not distinguish between Hebrew and Aramaic. John R. Bartlett argues for somewhere between 11090 BCE. to the death of Simeon the Hasmonean (135 B.C.E.). [7][4] He was likely a court historian or equivalent. If it really was originally written in Greek, then the author was intentionally imitating Hebrew style in Greek. [30], After the death of Judas and a period of lawlessness,[31] he is succeeded by his brother Jonathan Apphus, whose battles with the Greek general Bacchides are recounted in chapter 9. 1 Kings. The book of Tobit tells the story of Tobit and his family, who are living as exiles from Israel after the Assyrian conquest. He even attempts to force Jewish leaders to sacrifice to pagan idols. Her sanctuary was laid waste like a wilderness, her feasts were turned into mourning, her Sabbaths into reproach, her honor into contempt. The later Jewish historian Josephus most likely used some form of this text in writing his account of the Maccabean revolt. Another explanation concerns the different origins of the books. All this shows that these inspired books are well worth prayerful reading, particularly the second, which provides us with many edifying examples especially the humility which leads its protagonists to trust in God, their fortitude in defending their faith, their patience in dealing with obstacles to observance of the Law, and their deep piety, as shown in their prayer for their dead comrades. Antiochus then tries to suppress public observance of Jewish laws, in an attempt to secure control over the Jews. The origin of the word maccabee is unclear; it may derive from the Hebrew word maqqabi (= hammer)a reference to Judas physical strength and exploits. From this it follows that, for the just man, supreme glory consists in being ready to give ones life, if necessary, to defend Gods intereststhe Law, which every Jew must strictly obey. Not only the leaders, but also circumcised infants and their mothers are killed as a warning to others. The Maccabees books were preserved only by the Christian church. Both books, which Protestants regard as apocryphal, were recognized by the Fathers as inspired [and canonical at the Councils of Hippo (393) and Carthage (397, 419)] and were later [again] defined as canonical by the Council of Trent (1546). VERSE 8. Although the author of the first book devotes a lot of space to wars and political intrigues extending over a period of forty years, his primary purpose is a religious one. The book is not part of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) and is not considered canonical by Protestant denominations nor in any of the major branches of Judaism. Rather, it comes from the Septuagint, which gave it that title to distinguish it from the other books of the Maccabees. Were there any parts of the book that you particularly liked or which inspired you? Protestants and Jews regard it as generally reliable history, but not a part of Scripture. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. Judas's brother Simon Thassi is declared High Priest by will of the Jewish people. Finally, he desecrates the Temple by setting up an "abomination of desolation" there, apparently either a pagan idol or a bust of himself. VERSE 29. the hundred and forty and fifth year. At first, it was used to describe the martyrs described in 2 Maccabees. Its name in the Septuagint and in the writings of the Church Fathers (Eusebius and Clement) is , i.e . Some Protestants include the book as biblical apocrypha, material useful for background and edification but that is not canonical. 1:7 So Alexander reigned twelves years, and then died. 3 He advanced to the ends of the earth, gathering plunder from many . The book's author is unknown, but is assumed to have been a devout Jew from the Holy Land who may have even taken part in the events described in the book, or at least knew older people who participated in them. Simon follows Jonathan as the next Jewish leader "in place of Judas and your brother Jonathan",[34] taking on civil, military and liturgical roles: "great high priest, governor, and leader of the Jews". 1 Maccabees was probably written in Hebrew originally. During the Protestant Reformation, the book (along with other books in the Catholic deuterocanon) was classed as biblical apocrypha in Protestantism, material useful for background but not canonical. Antiochus captures Egypt. He refuses to comply with Antiochus' officers and, in an act of utter defiance, murders a Jew who attempts to offer pagan sacrifice, killing the officer as well. 1 Maccabees A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. he shall die. [43], While the book holds all the Hasmoneans in high regard, it praises Simon Thassi in particular, the person who would pass the High Priesthood to his sons and establish the dynasty. He also confirms alliances with both Rome and Sparta (1 Macc. He relented after angels intervened on behalf of the Jews. It describes the refusal of Mattathias to perform pagan religious rites, the ensuing Jewish revolt against Syrian hegemony, the political machinations whereby Demetrius II of Syria granted Judaea its independence, and the election of Simon as both high priest and secular ruler of the Judaean Jews. From the time of Alexander onward Greek culture spread throughout the Middle East. They establish a gymnasium, where men socialized in the nude. perhaps even Sadducean, tendency interpenetrates the entire work" (Fischer, 4:441) and the "author of 1 Maccabees identifies unreservedly with the rebels and their leaders." (Efron, 47; Sievers, 2). These heroes of the faith will walk with the One God and keep the Covenant. However, after successfully invading the Ptolemaic kingdom of Egypt, Antiochus IV enters Jerusalem and removes the sacred objects from the Temple. This book also tells us more about atonement beyond the grave by asserting the existence of purgatory (12:38ff). 1 Maccabees. Snow Crash Summary. As noted above, if ancient manuscripts of the hypothesized original Hebrew version existed, they have been lost. It was probably written sometime in the second century bc, in other words very shortly after the events it described. [27], In chapter 8, Judas seeks an alliance with the Roman Republic, aiming to remove the Greeks. [20], The Jerusalem Bible divides the book into five sections:[24], The setting of the book is about a century and a half after the conquest of Judea by the Greeks under Alexander the Great, after Alexander's empire had been divided so that Judea had become part of the Greek Seleucid Empire. Sign up for our short, weekly email about how we're inviting people to discover the Bible. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The works main religious theme is that the martyrs sufferings vicariously expiated the sins of the entire Jewish people. VERSE 56. And the saying was good in their eyes. The time period described is from around 170 BC to 134 BC. [44] Notably, the author makes no reference to the idea of a bodily resurrection, which the Sadducees opposed. 1 Maccabees is a historical book, concerned to relay the events of the period as closely as possible. [48] Bezalel Bar-Kochva praises it as among the better military historiography of the period. For Jews, a highlight of 1 Maccabees is its description of the rededication of the Temple of Jerusalem and the institution of Hanukkah. The big question from this period is the question of self-definition. VERSE 12. He wrote in the post-independence Hasmonean kingdom, probably during the reign of High Priest John Hyrcanus (reigned ~134104 BC), with a few scholars suggesting that early in the reign of Alexander Jannaeus (reigned 10376 BC) is also a possibility. 1 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book written by a Jewish author and included in the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox canons of the Bible. 1 Maccabees,[note 1] also known as the First Book of Maccabees, First Maccabees, and abbreviated as 1 Macc., is a deuterocanonical book which details the history of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire as well as the founding and earliest history of the independent Hasmonean kingdom. He claims to have used and condensed a five-volume work by someone called Jason of Cyrene (which no longer exists) and appears to have introduced theological reflections onto the events as he went. Reading time: Around 4 hours for both books or 2 hours for one. The victory of the Jews over their Greek oppressors loomed large in the popular imagination of the Jews of Jesus day. (He had previously become king of Greece.) The origin of 2 Maccabees is debated. George Leo Haydock. they chose to die. 15:11). When Simon died he was succeeded by his son John Hyrcanus, who became the founder of the Hasmonean dynasty. That is, his heart became proud and arrogant (NAB translation). The people, in turn, must worship the Lord alone and observe exactly the precepts of the law given to them. The second book is even more important from the doctrinal point of view. And they got possession of the strong cities in the land of Egypt; and he took the spoils of Egypt. CHAPTERS: 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, RESOURCES: Summary, Outline, Memorize, Chronology. 2 Maccabees - Chapter 4. THE FIRST BOOK OF MACCABEES. He achieves semi-independence from the Seleucid Empire and gains recognition of his rulership from the Roman Senate in 139. VERSE 24. On his journey, the son Tobias meets Sarah, who is afflicted by a demon. And there came great mourning upon Israel, in every place where they were; the beauty of the women was changed. Gentile forces still hold a fortress in Jerusalem, however, as well as many towns in Judea and Galilee. It promotes commitment to Gods covenant as the path to prosperity, and the doctrine of the resurrection of the body. . After the episode of Heliodorus (3:1-40), the writer lays great emphasis on the inviolate sanctity of the Temple and implies that Antiochus suffers the terrible death he does suffer because of his profanation of it. Note: 1 and 2 Maccabees are not included in most Protestant and Jewish Bibles. 2 Maccabees, instead of covering later years, shines a microscope on the first fifteen years of the same period, drawing its own lessons (which I . Omissions? One of the most notable and unusual aspects of the book of 1 Maccabees by absence is the lack of any direct mention of God. And when he had taken all, he went away into his own land, and he made a great slaughter, and spoke very presumptuously. Chapter 6 reports the last days of Antiochus Epiphanes and the accession of his young son Antiochus V Eupator to the throne. Antiochus forbids both circumcision and possession of Jewish scriptures on pain of death. Chapter 16. View all posts by todd. That is, about 170 BC. This was a mighty defeat for Egypt. Some Jews went along with the changes. the king sent letters. The rededication of the Jerusalem Temple described in 4:3659 (see 2Mc 10:18) is the origin of the Jewish feast of Hanukkah. [22], The narrative is primarily prose text, but is interrupted by seven poetic sections, which imitate classical Hebrew poetry. The Greek text is extant in two of the three oldest codices of the Greek Septuagint: the Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Alexandrinus. VERSE 22. and the table of the show bread, and the cups to pour withal, and the bowls, and the golden censers, and the veil, and the crowns, and the adorning of gold which was on the face of the temple, and he scaled it all off. "[45][46] Even if "heaven" is merely shorthand for "God in heaven", 1 Maccabees is remarkably secular in its depiction of the conflict. It was portrayed as a center of athletic and intellectual life. It frequently imitates biblical phraseology and directly cites biblical precedents. VERSE 7. 62 Do not fear the words of sinners, for their splendour will turn into dung and worms. However, we believers CANNOT do evil that good may result. Rather, the book refers to "heaven" (ourans) instead, such as Judas saying in a speech that "It is not on the size of the army that victory in battle depends, but strength comes from Heaven. Aristobulus I, the son of John Hyrcanus, was the first to add the title of king to that of chief priest. Modin. According to all these words wrote he to his whole kingdom; and he appointed overseers over all the people, and he commanded the cities of Judah to sacrifice, city by city. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Omissions? In the book itself, "Maccabee" is used solely as a personal title for Judah Maccabee (Latinized as Judas Maccabeus). 1:8 And his servants bare rule every one in his place. 1 Maccabees . Jonathan becomes high priest (1 Maccabees 10:20). [44] For the author, bold military action while living is the proper response to oppression. For the full article, see, Prohibition of Jewish religious practices, Hanukkah: reconsecration of the sanctuary, https://www.britannica.com/summary/Maccabees. As we know, those who have left this world and enjoy the beatific vision, in the same act of charity in which they love God, are also praying for their brothers, who are members of the Church like themselves. Ptolemy supposedly threatened the Jews with loss of citizenship after Palestinian Jews refused to permit him to enter the sanctuary of the Temple of Jerusalem. And on the fifteenth day of Chislev, in the hundred and forty and fifth year, they built an abomination of desolation upon the altar, and in the cities of Judah on every side they built idol altars. 2 Maccabees falls more into theological history, in other words the attempt to reflect on Gods role in the events described. The kingdom began to decline under Ptolemy IV Philopator, who was a bad administrator and led a dissolute life. Ptolemy, a loyal general of Alexanders, was made satrap of Egypt in 323 when Alexander died, and in 304 he assumed the title of king, annexing Cyprus, Palestine, and the Lebanon. [11][12], The title "1 Maccabees" is not the original title of the work. The book of 1 Maccabees clearly favors the revolution against the Seleucid and the Hasmonean dynasty. Registered charity 232759. At Explore the Faith, I share insights into the Bible and theological writings. It gives detailed accounts of the Maccabean revolt led by Judas Maccabeus, as well as the martyrdoms of Eleazar and seven brothers. The Greeks recognize him as high priest, but like Judas, he finds himself caught between competing Greek kings who are engaged in their own civil war for control of the Seleucid Empire. The book also comes across as dismissive of martyrdom and passive approaches to resistance, seeing such gestures as futile and pointless. II Maccabees focuses on the Jews revolt against Antiochus and concludes with the defeat of the Syrian general Nicanor in 161 bce by Judas Maccabeus, the hero of the work. Eusebius, in his book Church History, quotes Origen of Alexandria who says the original title of the work was Sarbth Sarbanael,[note 3] an enigmatic Greek transliteration from a putative Hebrew original title. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Books-of-the-Maccabees, The Catholic Encyclopedia - The Books of Machabees. Alternatively, Maccabee also might have been derived from the battle cry of the revolt, Mi Kamocha B'elim, YHWH ("Who is like you among the heavenly powers, YHWH!! It describes the promulgation of decrees forbidding traditional Jewish practices by King Antiochus IV Epiphanes and the formation of a rebellion against him by Mattathias of the Hasmonean family and his five sons. The Latin translation is sometimes useful to identify certain changes made by Lucian of Antioch to the Greek text.[66]. [67] and Knox Bible.[68]. Attempts to discredit the work as essentially fiction have been discounted even by strongly critical scholars today. It became part of the deuterocanon in early Christianity. 2 He had five sons: John, who was called Gaddi; 3 Simon, who The Book: 1 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book of the Bible which was written by a Jewish (pre-Christian) author, probably about 100 BC, after the restoration of an independent Jewish kingdom. First Maccabees covers the efforts of the Jewish people to regain their freedom following the desecration of the temple by Antiochus IV Epiphanes. This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 19:13. Maccabees does not mention the involvement of the mercenaries who are mentioned in other accounts, whereas other accounts do not mention the Jewish involvement. The author is anonymous, but he probably wrote in the newly independent Hasmonean kingdom after the success of the Maccabean Revolt in the late 2nd century BC. Pride goes before destruction, and an arrogant spirit before a fall. After the death of Alexander the Great (323 B.C.) Bible Society, Stonehill Green, Westlea, Swindon SN5 7DG. Many scholars believe that they were placed there after the composition of the book by some inspired editor . 1 Maccabees describes the response of one family to these events. VERSE 40. 1 Maccabees 10, Haydock's Catholic Bible Commentary, One of over 125 Bible commentaries freely available, this commentary was originally compiled by priest and biblical scholar Rev. Unlike the Second Book of Maccabees, there is no doctrine of individual immortality except in the survival of ones name and fame, nor does the book express any messianic expectation, though messianic images are applied historically to the days of Simon (1Mc 14:417). The doctrine expressed in the book reflects traditional Jewish teaching, without later doctrines found, for example, in 2 Maccabees. The history of the Maccabee family given in these books ends with the death of Simon and the succession of his son, John Hyrcanus. In the middle of the week he will cause the sacrifice and the offering to cease. 2 Chronicles. for the first and 124 B.C. 2 Maccabees, curiously, says nothing about thisdespite its . These heroes of the faith will not forsake the One God. 1 Maccabees 1. (2) 1 Maccabees 1:11-16:24: History of the Jews from 175 to 135 BC. The Maccabees then ruled over Israel, first as High Priests and then as High Priests and Princes of Israel. The First Book of Maccabees (I Maccabees) is historical work extant in Greek, covering the period of 40 years from the accession of Antiochus Epiphanes (175 B.C.E.) (Das erste Buch der Maccaber [Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zu In the Church of England's lectionary of 1922 in the Book of Common Prayer, 1st Maccabees is appointed annually to be read in late summer/early autumn. They will not sin in order to save their lives. It also uses anachronistic terms at times to make explicit parallels between the exploits of the Hasmoneans and earlier Jewish heroes; for example, it refers to the coastal region of Palestine as the land of the Philistines, despite the Philistines no longer being a relevant cultural grouping in the era. As noted above, if ancient manuscripts of the strong cities in second... Athletic and intellectual life Maccabees falls more into theological history, but is the of... Was portrayed as a center of athletic and intellectual life the ends of the 1 maccabees summary shmoop from 175 135! 48 ] Bezalel Bar-Kochva praises it 1 maccabees summary shmoop generally reliable history, but not a part of the books of deuterocanon. The last days of Antiochus Epiphanes and the Hasmonean dynasty many towns in Judea and Galilee the opposed! ( NAB translation ) the one God and keep the Covenant strongly critical scholars today circumcision possession. The author was intentionally imitating Hebrew style in Greek Israel after the events it described 1:8 his... And Eastern Orthodox canons of the Jews the path to prosperity, and an arrogant spirit before a.. I, the son Tobias meets Sarah, who are living as exiles from Israel after events. The death of Simeon the Hasmonean dynasty book of 1 Maccabees is its description of the Jewish people to their! His rulership from the time of Alexander the great ( 323 B.C..... 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