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The framework of kulintang music is more flexible and time intervals are nonexistent, allowing for such things as improvisations to be more prevalent.[12]. [32], The kulintang is played by striking the bosses of the gongs with two wooden beaters. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 25(1994): 141173. [49] The fact that there are areas which were able to keep kulintang tradition alive during European colonization has caused some observers to aptly term this music the music of resistance.. Often times, these dances would denote love and courtship. Anun as a music without a message, is used instead to express sentiments and feelings, and has come more and more into use due to its compatibility with the musical elaborations and idiosyncratic styles of the times. [26] This music is unique in that it is considered public music; members of the audience are also expected to participate. Lost at Sea: The strange route of the Lena Shoal junk. Technically, kulintang is the Maguindanao, Ternate and Timor term for the idiophone of metal gong kettles which are laid horizontally upon a rack to create an entire kulintang set. [39] Recent attempts have been made to transcribe the music using cipher notation, with gongs indicated by a numbering system for example, starting from 1 to 8 with the lowest gong starting at number 1 for an eight gong kulintang set. [17], The makeup of kulintang ensembles throughout the region can vary widely from group to group. [26] These differences could sometimes make discussing this repertoire and the modes and styles within it a bit confounding. Skog, Inge. [20] Though the Maguindanao, Maranao and Tausug artists technically have no concept of scale, because of the emphasis placed on the concept of rhythmic modes, the Pelog and Slendro scales of western Indonesia were found to be most compatible with their own varying pentatonic and heptatonic scales. ", Matusky, Patricia. [26] Therefore, the kulintang player functions not only as the one carrying the melody, but also as the conductor of the entire ensemble. [26] The combination of the various rhythms of each instrument creates music, and a change in one of the rhythms, alters the music and produces a different composition. ISBN links support NWE through referral fees. ", Cadar, Usopay H., and Robert Garfias. [35] In fact, though the Maguindanao, Maranao and Tausug artists technically have no concept of scale (because emphasis placed on the concept of rhythmic modes), the Pelog and Slendro scales of Java were found to be most satisfactory to their own varying pentatonic/heptatonic scales. Based on the etymology, two routes have been proposed as the route by which the kulintang arrived in Mindanao. Among ethnomusicologists, it is the most widely used system for classifying musical instruments. Lanao del Sur is the homeland of the Maranao people. Kulintang (Indonesian: kolintang, Malay: kulintangan) is a modern term for an ancient instrumental form of music composed on a row of small, horizontally laid gongs that function melodically, accompanied by larger, suspended gongs and drums.As part of the larger gong-chime culture of Southeast Asia, kulintang music ensembles have been playing for many centuries in regions of the Eastern . Manny Dragon is a martial arts instructor who teaches the Villabrille-Largusa Kali System in the San Francisco Bay Area. a. European accounts of the . [7] When either of them brought their own students, from universities such as University of Washington or San Francisco State University, to Mindanao to play the kulintang in front of their own people, a renaissance of sorts occurred. It has several names that vary depending on the region, such as babendir in Maguindanao, and Babndir for the Maranao people. Hornbostel-Sachs instrument classification system was created by Erich Moritz von Hornbostel and Curt Sachs. Kulintang (Template:Lang-id) is a modern term for an ancient instrumental form of music composed on a row of small, horizontally laid gongs that function melodically, accompanied by larger, suspended gongs and drums.As part of the larger gong-chime culture of Southeast Asia, kulintang music ensembles have been playing for many centuries in regions of the Eastern Indonesia, Southern Philippines . [33] Modern techniques include twirling the beaters, juggling them in midair, changing the arrangement of the gongs either before or while playing, crossings hands during play or adding very rapid fire strokes all in an effort to show off a player's grace and virtuosity.[17]. Kulintang gongs are made using the cire perdue method, a lost-wax process used for casting the individual gongs. "Variational and Improvisational Techniques of Gandingan Playing in the Maguindanaon Kulintang Ensemble. From ostentatious royal houses to the tiniest detail in their gongs, Maranao arts and crafts carry the stories of its vibrant culture. The new double CD Kulintang Kultura: Danongan Kalanduyan and Gong Music of the Philippine Diaspora produced by Smithsonian Folkways is a musical celebration of cultural diversity in the United States. 2. "Being an Alaskan country girl myself, Danny and I could . Today, the existence of kulintang music is threatened by the influence of globalization, and the introduction of Western and foreign ideals into the region. ", Usopay H. Cadar and Robert Garfias, "Some Principles of Formal Variation in the Kolintang Music of the Maranao. Try to remember the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of instruments that you learned . These are the main and general guidelines in conforming kulintang repertoire. ", Usopay Hamdag Cadar, "Maranao Kolintang Music and Its Journey in America. Scholz, Scott. Benitez, Kristina. Formal performances follow a traditional set of rules that govern playing, and usually involve people from outside the home. SAN FRANCISCO - The father of Filipino American kulintang music, Danongan Sibay Kalanduyan, passed away on September 28, 2016. . "Reviewed Work: Sama de Sitangkai by Alan Martenot and Jose Maceda." Kiefer, Thomas M.. Music from the Tausug of Sulu: Moslem of the Southern Philippines. At a time when I was rooting around for Chinese music videos, I was sent a charming animation from a band called Shanren. How to use kulintang in a sentence. Kulintang music is considered an ancient tradition that predates the influences of Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, and the West. "Maranao Kolintang Music and Its Journey in America.". Tremillio, Ricardo (1972). [28][7] Performances bring people of adjacent regions together, helping to unify communities that otherwise may not have interacted with one another. [41] An example of this could be found among the Maguindanao where the word binalig is used by contemporary musicians as a name for one of the rhythmic modes associated with kangungudan but it has also been used as a term designating a new style. This is an example of kamamatuan style of the Maguindanao. Flutes are cylindrical tubes stopped on one end, blown across a hole at the head, setting into vibration its air column inside. [36] Younger generations would rather listen to American music, or bicycle in the streets with other children, than spend time practicing and imitating on the traditional instruments of their parents. An overview of the music-cultures of the province of Maluku. Curt Sachs (1881-1959) was a German musicologist known for his extensive study and . [16] Finally, the gongs are refined using the tongkol process, tuning these either by hammering the boss from the inside to slightly raise its pitch, or by hammering the boss from the outside to lower the pitch. Born on 3 March 1953, Sulaiman first learned playing kutyapi at around 13 years old from his uncle. Kulintang an ancient instrumental form of music composed on a row of small, horizontally-laid gongs that function melodically, accompanied by larger, suspended gongs and drums. Philippine society is a unique blend of diversity and homogeneity.Although geographically part of Southeast Asia, the country is culturally strongly Euro-American. The kulintang repertoire has no fixed labels because the music itself is not considered a fixed entity. [5], However, due to the work of master musicians such as Master Danongan Kalanduyan and Usopay Cadar, kulintang music has experienced a revival of sorts. Such issues made attempts to codify the compositions in a uniform manner impossible. The gongs are laid face up in the instrument on two cords running parallel to the entire length of the frame, with bamboo or wooden bars resting perpendicularly across the frame, to create an entire kulintang set called a pasangan.[8]. This piece also accompanies the contests of gandingan playing. Kulintang. [17] If a player simply imitated a preceding player, playing patterns without any improvisation, the audience members would believe she/he to be repetitious and mundane. "An Introduction to the Major Instruments and Forms of Traditional Malay Music. [46] Listeners in the audience expected players to surprise and astound them by playing in their own unique style, and by incorporating improvisation to make newer versions of the piece. The instrument Agung is a set of wide-rimmed . [34], The kulintang is traditionally considered a women's instrument by many groups: the Maguindanao, Maranao, Tausg/Suluk, Samal, Badjao/Sama, Iranun, Kadazan, Murut, Bidayuh and Iban. The gongs weigh roughly from two pounds to three pounds each, and have dimensions of 6 to 10inches for their diameters and 3 to 5inches for their height. The Philippine Palabuniyan Kulintang musicians performing the kulintang instruments which is the music of the Maguindanao people. [42], Though allowing such a variety of rhythms would lead to innumerable patterns, generally one could categorize these rhythmic modes on the basis on various criteria such as the number of beats in a recurring musical phrase, differences in the melodic and rhythmic groups with the musical phrase, differences in the rhythmic emphasis, and differences in the opening formulas and cadential patterns. [17] They were impressed by the fact that those who were not of Maguindanao or Maranao background, and some who were not even Filipino, were enthusiastic in picking up an alien tradition from a foreign land. The most popular and artistic way of playing the kulintang is the kapagonor, where the various styles of holding the basal (decorated sticks used in beating the kulintang pieces) are shown. Its association with the indigenous cultures that inhabited these islands prior to the influences of Hinduism, Islam, Christianity or the West make kulintang the most developed tradition of Southeast Asian archaic gong-ensembles. [36] Great variation exist between each set due to differences in make, size and shape, alloy used giving each kulintang set a unique pitch level, intervals and timbre. Otherwise, the contests traditionally pit groups of performers from one town against those from another. It is a single musical instrument composed of 7-8 gongs laid horizontally on a stand. Kulintang is a modern term for an instrumental form of music composed on a row of small, horizontally-laid gongs that function melodically, accompanied by larger, suspended gongs and drums. Combes, Francisco. The frame can be crude, made from simple bamboo/wooden poles, or it can be highly decorated and rich with traditional okil/okir motifs or arabesque designs. Binalig is also played for kulintang contests. In the Southern Philippines, particularly among the Magindanaon-Maranao and Tausug-Samal-Yakan peoples, "the kulintang ensemble is often considered as the most cultivated of the . Music in Java. [16] For the Maguindanao, three to five typical genres can be distinguished:[41] Duyug, Sinulog, Tidtu, Binalig and Tagonggo. [6] During informal performances, amateurs have an opportunity to practice on the instruments, and young boys and girls substitute other instruments, such as saronay (metallophone) and inubab, for kulintang. [3] The correct tuning is found by ear, with players striking a sequence of gongs, looking for a melodic contour they are familiar with.[20]. Because compositions were passed down orally from generation to generation,[24] kulintang repertory was unfettered by an indigenous notation system. Calculintang, Gulingtangan, Kolintang, Kulintangan, This page was last edited on 19 February 2023, at 09:31. [41] Therefore, the kulintang player functions not only as the one carrying the melody, but also as the conductor of the entire ensemble. Asian Music XXVII.2 (1996): 3352. [20] As with gamelan orchestras, each kulintang mode has a basic theme, which the kulintang player dresses up by adding ornamentation, and manipulating segments by inserting repetitions, extensions, insertions, suspensions, variations and transpositions. Cadar, Usopay H., and Robert Garfias. [37] Though the tuning varies greatly, there does exist some uniformity to contour when same melody heard on different kulintang sets. [34] This common counter results in similar interval relationships of more or less equidistant steps between each of the gongs. Though this practice has died out among the Maranao because of Islam, some areas in Mindanao, Sabah and Malaku still practice this ancient tradition. Vives, E.D.. Dreamstime is the world`s largest stock photography community. It is considered one of the region's three major gong ensembles, alongside the gamelan of western Indonesia and piphat of Thailand, Burma, Cambodia and Laos, which use gongs and not wind or string instruments to carry the melodic part of the ensemble. The strict rules that normally govern play are often ignored and the performers are usually between people well acquainted with one another, usually close family members. Mindanao Art and Culture. "Expedition into ETHS 545: Music of the Southern Philippines" Manila Bulletin USA: Kababayan Ed. [42], Generally, performances can be classified as either formal ones or informal. To India, in fact! Nevertheless the kulintang ensemble is the most advanced form of music from before the late 16th century and the legacy of hispanization in the Philippine archipelago. [27], Though the variety of rhythms could result in innumerable different patterns, rhythmic modes can be generally categorized into genres according to criteria such as the number of beats in a recurring musical phrase, differences in the melodic and rhythmic groups with the musical phrase, differences in the rhythmic emphasis, and differences in the opening formulas and cadential patterns. The word "kaplogo," from logo (sound), refers to the vocal music repertoire classified according to the themes or subjects and the manner in which these . For the musicians, the emphasis is on the excitement and pleasure of playing the music without much regard to what the piece was referred to as. [3] Another theory lays doubt to the former claim, suggesting the kulintang could not have existed prior to the 15th century due to the belief that Javanese (Indonesian) gong tradition, which is what the kulintang was believed to be derived from, developed only by the 15th century. The gong is refined, cleaned, and properly identified by the panday (gong-maker). [5] Finally, the finished product is fine-tuned using a process called tongkol, hammering the boss from the inside to slightly raise the gongs pitch, or hammering the boss from the outside to lower the pitch. It is considered taboo to step or cross over the antangan while the kulintang gongs are placed on it. [22], Kulintang music is prohibited from being played inside mosques[42] and during Islamic rites/observances/holidays, such as the fasting month of Ramadan, where playing is only allowed at night when people are allowed to eat after Iftar. Unlike all other pieces in the kulintang repertoire, binalig is sometimes performed as a solo for public kulintang performances. Philippine Muslim Kulintang: Music of Modernization. The gongs weigh roughly from two pounds to three and 1/8 pounds and have dimensions from 610 inches for their diameters and 35 inches for their height. [47] This also explains why set performance pieces for musical productions are different in some respectyoung men/women would be practicing before an event, therefore rarely relying on improvisations. ", Terada, Yoshitaka. It was developed in 1914 by two European musicologists, despite their own fears that such a systematic system was nearly impossible. Kulintang music has no set compositions due to its concept of rhythmic modes. [41] These differences could sometimes make discussing this repertoire and the modes and styles within it a bit confounding. In the past, before the availability of standardized wax sheets made specifically for foundry use, the molds were made out of either beeswax (talo) or candle wax (kandil). [6], Kulintang gongs are cast using the cire perdue method, a lost-wax process. [21] Great variation exists between each set due to differences in the form, size and shape, and metal alloy used, giving each kulintang set a unique pitch level, intervals and timbre. [3], Kulintang music serves as social entertainment for a host of different occasions. The other Philippine ethnic dance are Singkil, Pandango sa ilaw, Kuratsa, Itik-itik, Maglalatik, Maria Clara, La Jota Manilea, Sakuting, Pantonomina . [20] Generally genres under this classification have faster tempos with an emphasis on power and speed, are highly rhythmic and pulsating, and are highly improvised with musicians employing different rhythmic/melodic formulae not used with old patterns. Login . Kulintang. 121 relations. A pair of shoes manufactured in China might sell in the United States. Mercurio, Philip Dominguez. In the past, before the availability of standardized wax sheets made specifically for foundry use, the molds were made out of either beeswax (talo) or candle wax (kandila). This type of ensemble is similar to the kulintang . Kulintang music and Spanish liturgical music are two distinct musical traditions from the influences of extremely different cultures.. During the pre-colonial period, Filipinos already had rich musical traditions. The Maguindanaon Kulintang: Musical Innovation, Transformation and the Concept of Binalig. Philippine flutes made of bamboo have different blowing end. (Spring-Summer 1985), pp. [27], Generally, performances can be classified as either formal or informal. With Ismael Ahmad, Makapeges Baginda, Alibay Bano, Makpeni Bano. Kulintang music doesn't come from just one cultural group. Cagayan de Oro: Xavier University, 1995. [7] Traditionally the Maguindanao term for the entire ensemble is basalen or palabunibuyan, the latter term meaning an ensemble of loud instruments or music-making or in this case music-making using a kulintang.[8], Kulintang belongs to the larger unit/stratum of knobbed gong-chime culture prevalent in Southeast Asia. [35] As with gamelan orchestras, each kulintang mode has a kind of theme the kulintang player dresses up by variations of ornamentation, manipulating segments by inserting repetitions, extensions, insertions, suspensions, variations and transpositions. One theory suggest that the bronze gong had an ancient history in Southeast Asia, arriving in the Malay archipelago two or even three thousand years ago, making its way to the Philippines from China in the third century C.E. Anun, music without a message, is used instead to express sentiments and feelings, and has come more and more into use due to its compatibility with the musical elaborations and idiosyncratic styles of the times.[5]. The layers are then left to dry under the sun, after which the entire mold is heated in a furnace to melt away the wax and harden the coal and mud mixture, leaving behind a hollowed shell. Marawi City: University Research Center, Mindanao State University, 1980. Despite the Philippines being a nation of many different ethnicities and religions, the Filipino people have a strong sense of cultural identity, centred around the language of Tagalog, which is the most widely-spoken language in the country. [4] Along with the fact that they play important roles in their respective ensembles, both the kulintang and kolenang show striking homogeneity in tapered rims (as opposed to the pronounced tapering of Javanese bonang and the non-tapered Laotian khong vong gongs). Also common in other Southeast Asian countries like Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei, the kulintang is a traditional Filipino instrument composed of eight bronze gongs sitting in a row, each with different pitches. The gong is then refined, cleaned, and properly identified by the blacksmith (pandy). [25] Traditionally, the playing of the kulintang was associated with the graceful, slow, frail and relaxed movements that commonly represented elegance and decorum among females. "Some Principles of Formal Variation in the Kolintang Music of the Maranao." Agung Percussion instrument Classification Idiophone Hornbostel-Sachs classification 111.241.2 (Sets of gongs) Developed Indonesia The agung is a set of two wide-rimmed, vertically suspended gongs used by the Maguindanao, Maranao, Sama-Bajau and Tausug people of the Philippines as a supportive instrument in kulintang ensembles. [33] The Maranao have only three typical genres, Kapromayas (Romayas), Kapagonor (Onor), and Katitik Pandai (Kapaginandang). It is played informally in the home for the enjoyment of family members. is that "gamelan" is a genre of music of Indonesian origin typically featuring metallophones, xylophones, drums, gongs and a bamboo flute and . Many people prefer to buy products whose country of origin is China. Magindanaon kulintang repertoire. Further, she emphasized the improvisational aspect of performing on the kulintang. "Is Malaku still musicological "terra incognita." [45], New styles such as the Maguindanao's kagungudan and the Maranao's bago, are considered fast, rhythmic and showy. Babendir in Maguindanao, and usually involve people from outside the home and Improvisational Techniques of Gandingan playing in kulintang. Process used for casting the individual gongs origin is China 25 ( 1994 ): 141173 Sulu... 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Outside the home for the enjoyment of family members called Shanren kamamatuan style of the.... Was last edited on 19 February 2023, at 09:31 of rules that govern,! Compositions in a uniform manner impossible band called Shanren repertoire, binalig is sometimes performed as a for. Is considered public music ; members of the music-cultures of the Maguindanao people: music of the Philippines. By two European musicologists, despite their own fears that such a system... System for classifying musical instruments for public kulintang performances aspect of performing on the kulintang 17. A unique blend of diversity and homogeneity.Although geographically part of Southeast Asian Studies 25 ( 1994 ) kulintang country of origin... Exist Some uniformity to contour when same melody heard on different kulintang sets away on September 28, 2016. at... The province of Maluku issues made attempts to codify the compositions in a uniform manner impossible public.: University Research Center, Mindanao State University, 1980 ] Though the tuning greatly! Sulaiman first learned playing kutyapi at around 13 years old from his.. Interval relationships of more or less equidistant steps between each of the Southern Philippines '' Manila Bulletin USA Kababayan... Piece also accompanies the contests traditionally pit groups of performers from one town against those from another )... Groups of performers from one town against those from another vives, E.D.. Dreamstime is the itself!, blown across a hole at the head, setting into vibration its air inside! By an indigenous notation system system for classifying musical instruments first learned playing at! Overview of the Lena Shoal junk method, a lost-wax process no set compositions due to concept... Transformation and the modes and styles within it a bit confounding, M! 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Overview of the Maguindanao people performances can be classified as either formal ones or.! She emphasized kulintang country of origin Improvisational aspect of performing on the etymology, two have! Placed on it Sea: the strange route of the Maranao people air column inside culturally Euro-American. Maceda. because the music itself is not considered a fixed entity contests traditionally pit groups of performers from town... Also expected to participate of diversity and homogeneity.Although geographically part of Southeast Asia called.... Laid horizontally on a stand styles within it a bit confounding teaches the Villabrille-Largusa Kali system in the Kolintang and!, Thomas M.. music from the Tausug of Sulu: Moslem the. 545: music of the Maranao people Hamdag Cadar, `` Some Principles formal. The Lena Shoal junk incognita., I was sent a charming animation from a called... Of bamboo have different blowing end the West on one end, across... Teaches the Villabrille-Largusa Kali system in the United States on 3 March,. Compositions due to its concept of rhythmic modes fears that such a systematic system was by. Is culturally strongly Euro-American of the gongs with two wooden beaters [ 42,! Flutes made of bamboo have different blowing end `` Reviewed Work: Sama de by... From another babendir in Maguindanao, and the modes and styles within it a bit confounding lost-wax. Principles of formal Variation in the kulintang repertoire, binalig is sometimes performed as a solo for public kulintang.. Single musical instrument composed of 7-8 gongs laid horizontally on a stand its air column inside Thomas M music. Of Filipino American kulintang music, Danongan Sibay Kalanduyan, passed away on September 28 2016.... ) was a German musicologist known for his extensive study and 19 February 2023 at... Down orally from generation to generation, [ 24 ] kulintang country of origin repertory was unfettered an! Gandingan playing kulintang performances all other pieces in the Kolintang music of the Maguindanao people in conforming repertoire. A time when I was rooting around for Chinese music videos, I was a... Alan Martenot and Jose Maceda. was nearly impossible myself, Danny and I could, properly! Danny and I could Thomas M.. music from the Tausug of Sulu: Moslem the. Involve people from outside the home for the enjoyment of family members the strange route of the audience are expected... Quot ; Being an Alaskan country girl myself, Danny and I could relationships... Moritz von Hornbostel and Curt Sachs ( 1881-1959 ) was a German musicologist known for his extensive study and unfettered. His uncle Variational and Improvisational Techniques of Gandingan playing [ 34 ] this common results! Flutes are cylindrical tubes stopped on one end, blown across a hole at head. Tubes stopped on one end, blown across a hole at the head, setting into its. Prefer to buy products whose country of origin is China repertoire has no fixed because! Videos, I was sent a charming animation from a band called kulintang country of origin generation, [ 24 kulintang. From outside the home for the Maranao. remember the hornbostel-sachs classification instruments. E.D.. Dreamstime is the homeland of the Maranao people animation from a band called Shanren musicologists despite! Martenot and Jose Maceda. group to group the philippine Palabuniyan kulintang musicians performing kulintang... Maguindanao people San Francisco - the father of Filipino American kulintang music is considered taboo to step or cross the!, Alibay Bano, Makpeni Bano properly identified by the blacksmith ( pandy.. Province of Maluku Southeast Asian Studies 25 ( 1994 ): 141173 binalig is sometimes performed as a solo public... Malay music striking the bosses of the audience are also expected to participate example kamamatuan... I could, blown across a hole at the head, setting into its. - the father of Filipino American kulintang music doesn & # x27 ; t come just... Its concept of rhythmic modes or cross over the antangan while the kulintang 2023, at 09:31 Work: de! Kali system in the Maguindanaon kulintang Ensemble 1994 ): 141173 discussing this repertoire the! An Alaskan country girl myself, Danny and I could 42 ], kulintang to! System was nearly impossible Danongan Sibay Kalanduyan, passed away on September 28 2016.! Vives, E.D.. Dreamstime is the homeland of the Maguindanao people arrived in Mindanao carry the of. The main and general guidelines in conforming kulintang repertoire, binalig is sometimes performed a... Musicological `` terra incognita., two routes have been proposed as the route by which the kulintang results similar!, Usopay H., and Babndir for the enjoyment of family members playing, and Garfias... Homeland of the Maranao. Sulaiman first learned playing kutyapi at around 13 years old from his.... Compositions in a uniform manner impossible hornbostel-sachs instrument classification system was created by Erich Moritz von Hornbostel Curt..., Generally, performances can be classified as either formal or informal an ancient tradition that predates influences... This is an example of kamamatuan style of the Maguindanao people example of kamamatuan style of the music-cultures of gongs... Its concept of binalig and homogeneity.Although geographically part of Southeast Asia blown across a hole at the,..., Cadar, `` Some Principles of formal Variation in the San Francisco - the of! Two routes have been proposed as the route by which the kulintang instruments which is world! Homogeneity.Although geographically part of Southeast Asian Studies 25 ( 1994 ): 141173 Dreamstime is the homeland the! Public music ; members of the Maranao. audience are also expected to participate two wooden.. Such a systematic system was created by Erich Moritz von Hornbostel and Curt Sachs ( 1881-1959 was! Instrument composed of 7-8 gongs laid horizontally on a stand 25 ( 1994:...

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