rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdomrise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom

rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom29 Mar rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom

By the mid-thirteenth century, the present boundaries of Portugal were established and Lisbon became the capital. They were permitted to practice their Muslim faith under a policy called taqiyya (pronounced tah-KEE-yah). Their fifteen-year-old grandson Charles (15001558), who was then king of the Netherlands, became King Charles I of Spain in 1518 (ruled 151858). Henry had named a large council of regents to rule England until Edward was old enough to be king. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? Assassinated in 1610 by a Catholic fanatic, Henry was followed by his young nine-year-old son Louis XIII (16011643; ruled 161043). (See "England" section later in this chapter.). At first the Capetians' control over the other duchies of France was mostly in name only because many were semi-independent kingdoms. Pole was an English aristocrat who had lived in Italy since Henry VIII's break with the papacy. Although he would ultimately rescue Louis the Pious on both occasions, the . Tons of silver from the mines of Potosi as well as Mexican and Peruvian gold and gems were streaming into Spanish ports aboard giant galleons (the large, heavy ships used by Spain). France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom?. The ships did not set sail again until July. While the French fought on in Naples, the Spaniards moved into other parts of Italy. In 1502 Moriscos were also given the choice of converting to Christianity Prussia won and directly annexed some of the German states that had sided . Ferdinand and Isabella were able to centralize most of the government, although Aragon successfully resisted any changes that would increase royal authority. Table of Contents show. In 1580 and 1581, Philip II of Spain claimed the throne of Portugal, conquered the country, and acquired its empire. battles, at Parma and Fuenterrabia, but they were soundly defeated at Ezquiros and Pamplona and driven out of Navarre. Many who refused to reject Protestant beliefs continued to worship in underground churches or fled to countries on the European continent. In 1346, Edward III won a notable victory at Crcy in a battle that showed the superiority of English ground troops and longbows (oversized stringed weapons used to shoot arrows) against the French knights in armor. In transforming the Bourbon kingdom into a constitutional state, the French Revolution aroused intense excitement east of the Rhine. By 1529, Francis had signed the Treaty of Cambrai, which repeated the humiliating terms of the earlier Treaty of Madrid. He often broke treaties, and on occasion he even allied with Muslims and Protestants to oppose Catholic Spain. In 1429 the country was dramatically energized by Joan of Arc (c. 14121431), who was known as the Maid of Orlans. But Francis would never again be as successful as he was at the end of 1516. Just one year before Charles died, Philip decisively ended more than a half-century of Spanish-French conflict regarding Italy. In 1630 the Netherlands seized some coastal towns in northern Brazil. Ferdinand and Isabella ascended to the throne as the Catholic Monarchs of Spain in 1474. By 1615, the Dutch possessed the Spice Islands and were forced to face the threat of the British East India Company. At the end of the tenth century, Hugh Capet (c. 938996; ruled 98796) founded the line of French kings that ruled the country for the next eight hundred years. Once the thriving center of sea trade on the Iberian Peninsula, Catalonia and its capital city Barcelona had been declining since the middle of the fifteenth century. Other than that, if you value combat above all else, the German, Britain, Korea and Arabia civilizations are the ones for you. Then a powerful stormthe "Great Protestant Wind," as the English called itswept through the Channel and forced the Spanish vessels away from England. End of the Merovingian dynasty. The ones to avoid are the Arabia, Ottoman and Byzantine civilizations. In order to avenge the slight of not being named emperor, Francis initiated the first of five wars with Spain and the Holy Roman Empire (Charles was head of forces for both Spain and the empire). Ten years later, France declared bankruptcy (a lack of funds to pay bills). For example, the magnetic compass and other advances made it possible for navigators, who had previously been forced to rely on the Sun and the stars, to travel in bad weather and poor climates. He set up a line of fortified outposts from the Persian Gulf all the way to the Malaccan Strait, the most The child king was placed in the Tower of London along with his brother; those who had opposed Richard were executed. By the time of Henry VIII's death in 1547, most of the monastic land had been sold to noblemen and members of the gentry. 6,279 talking about this. Philip was challenged by Edward III (13121377; ruled 132777) of England, whose mother was the daughter of Philip the Fair. James's reign was troubled by his insistence upon ruling by divine right (the concept that a king is chosen directly by God). Initially reluctant to become involved, Elizabeth finally accepted the argument that England, as the chief Protestant power in Europe, had an obligation to aid Protestants elsewhere. Her The Capetians were a family who controlled the le-de-France, a region centered on Paris that extended roughly a three days' march in all directions around the city. The Cortes of Castile announced that, before they would approve any funds, Charles had to give Spain priority over the Holy Roman Empire. Dias's voyage, however, did not match the 1497 journey of Vasco da Gama (c. 14601524), who went across the southernmost tip of Africa and sailed all the way across the Indian Ocean to Calicut, on the Malabar Coast of India. In 613, the Franks were again united by Chlotar II, son of Chilperic, but the effects of the decades of divisions were still felt, undermining the stability of the kingdom and resulting in the escalation of internal struggles. By this time Elizabeth had prepared the English fleet and organized a dedicated but small land army. They did not inflict any serious damage, so on August 6 the Armada anchored at Calais (a French town on the Strait of Dover on the Channel) to await reinforcements. The term "feudal system" is used by historians to describe a social-political structure which was a key feature of medieval Europe. Which commander is known as Barbarossa? To counter the Spanish offensive, Francis planned for Swiss troops in the employ of Clement VII and Venice to attack Spanish holdings on the Italian peninsula. Not only did he refuse to follow Elizabeth's orders, but he also signed an unauthorized truce with the rebels. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Tudors reigned over the English Renaissance. Charles felt he now had the right to move into Naples. to France. ceremony. He marched his army through Mexico in 1519 to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitln (modern-day Mexico City). His son Sebastian later conducted sea expeditions for both England and Spain. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, these countries were shifting their attention to the riches of the Indies. Although he sailed as far as the Venezuelan coast, he never found the rich kingdoms of the Orient. His advisers also needed to pay back a loan of 850,000 florins (the Italian unit of currency) they had received from Jacob Fugger (14591525), a wealthy German banker. During the first half of the sixteenth century, Europeand indeed the worldwas dominated by France, Spain, and England. Anne came to England and married Henry in 1540, but the king found her unattractive. The following year he established an Inquisition court at Granada, a heavily Muslim province, as a final effort to force Moriscos to accept Christianity or leave Spain. Just as Philip was on the verge of reclaiming the northern provinces of the Netherlands, his attention was diverted by war with England. They The Castilian nobility were alarmed by this development because they knew a Spanish king would limit their power. During the 1590s, she struggled to keep her government from going bankrupt. The second war of German unification was the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, which settled the question of "smaller" versus "greater" Germany. You have to answer the questions about Rise of kingdoms and world history, in return, you will earn Gems and some other small rewards. The conquest of the American natives by Spanish conquistadors happened within a few decades. Rise of Kingdoms is a game for iOS and Android with which you can enjoy the whole experience of a strategy game at your fingertips. Page officielle des fans de Rise of Kingdoms. Carlos also made a shoemaker eat a pair of boots because they were too tight. In an effort to prevent this outcome, Ferdinand brought Charles's younger brother, Ferdinand, from Flanders to Spain. By the time Charles died in 1461, the English had been driven from all French territory. Hotels are a thing in Sri Lanka too and they come in many flavours. The French would meanwhile send a fleet to take Genoa and Naples. In 1526 he inherited the thrones of Hungary and Bohemia when the Ottoman Turks killed King Louis, the ruler of those provinces. Philip was convinced, however, that God had chosen him for a special mission to defend the Catholic faith. Isabella believed that only Catholicism could unite the separate provinces of Spain. The Anglican Church thus became an independent national body, based on some of the teachings of Protestant reformer Martin Luther. The uncrowned French king, Charles VII, then took the throne in 1429. By this time pandemonium had broken out in England, and Elizabeth's advisers urged her to prepare for the impending attack. An able but somewhat colorless ruler, Henry succeeded in establishing the position of his new dynasty, increasing the efficiency of the government, and enhancing the wealth of the monarchy. Each house used the image of a rose to represent itselfa red rose for Lancaster and a white rose for York. In the early 1400s the Renaissance was spreading across Europe. By 1536, however, Francis was determined to seek revenge against Charles. Mary then had Elizabeth arrested and sent to the Tower of London (a prison for members of royalty and the nobility), and later to Woodstock. He also increased his power in Languedoc and Toulouse in the south. It is estimated that between 1348 and 1400 the population of France dropped from sixteen million to eleven million. In the eleventh century Christian states in the north of Spain, even though they were not unified, took advantage of Muslim unrest and set out to recapture territories conquered by the Moors. In 1567 Philip introduced the Spanish Inquisition in the Netherlands and sent Fernando lvarez de Toledo, duke of Alba (c. 15071582), to crush the revolt. Edward died in 1553 at the age of sixteen, probably from pneumonia (a disease of the lungs) and possibly tuberculosis (a bacterial infection of the lungs). The humanist ideas associated with the English Renaissance had begun to filter into England before Henry took the throne but were firmly established only during his reign. His excuse was that he was forced to sign the document at a time when he could not think clearly. Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. Two years later, Philip issued a royal proclamation condemning William of Orange as an outlaw and the main source of unrest in the Netherlands. The Iberians were followed by the Carthaginians. He disliked having Philip, a foreign prince, on a Spanish throne. Once Rome declared victory over the insurgents in Gaul they focused on attacking the Franks. Determined to avenge the defeat at Novara by taking Spanish-held Naples, the young king personally led an army into Italy. During her long reign Renaissance ideas dominated literature. The next king, Louis XI (14231483; ruled 146183), set France on a course that eventually destroyed the In addition, Charles would inherit lands in Burgundy (a region of France) that belonged to Maximilian I, and he was in line to become Holy Roman Emperor. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. He was a mem ber of the house of Lancaster, but after he married Elizabeth of York, the War of the Roses officially ended. Charlemagne's Rise to Power. This is where the country of France is today and the name for France comes from the Franks. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Then on December 9, 1525, King Charles I (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V) gave a similar choice to Moriscos living in Aragon after he had inherited the country from his grandfather Ferdinand. The dispute over whether France or Spain had the right to rule Naples and Sicily had been going on since the thirteenth century. Beginning with Champlain in 1600, the French pushed their way down the Saint Lawrence River to the Great Lakes. Some had even entered the ranks of nobility. Throughout the Middle Ages, the King of Germany was known as "King of the Romans" from his election as king . Q: France and Germany were both once part of what Feudal Kingdom? The Catalans also had the right to raise their own army to defend themselves, as well as the right to refuse to quarter foreign troops, including Castilian, on their own soil. In the 1300s marriages between English and French nobles meant that both English and French kings had a claim to the French throne. England was still a Catholic country and the pope's consent was required before Henry could get a divorce. Reliable maps of the known world, which previously had been closely guarded as state secrets, were becoming available to seafarers. Modern scholars have altered this view, however, concluding that Renaissance ideas became dominant in the 1530s during the reign of Henry VII's brother, Henry VIII (14911547; ruled 150947). Although Francis had sided with Protestants against his great rival Charles V, he turned against the Waldensians, a group of Protestants in his own country. By Julie E. Hughes (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 2013) 304 pp. Medina-Sidonia was an army commander, so he protested that he was unqualified to lead a naval fleet. Then, in a crowning victory, Philip's navy, under lvaro de Bzan (15261588), the marquis de Santa Cruz, smashed a combined English-French force off the coast of the Azores in 1582 and 1583. The queen died two years later. Bettmann Archive/Getty Images. Cabot's exploration of Newfoundland, in 1497, yielded sparse information about the new continent's northern-most regions. It also called for Francis's two sons to be held in Madrid for a ransom (money paid for releasing a hostage) of two million gold crowns (a large sum of Spanish money). In 1554 he formed an alliance between Spain and England by arranging for his son Philip II (15271598; ruled 155698) to marry the Catholic English queen, Mary I (see "England" section previously in this chapter). In the aftermath of Marignano, Francis took the duchy of Milan, and Pope Leo X(14751521; reigned 151321) gave him neighboring Parma and Piacenza. Login. When Isabella died in 1504, Ferdinand became regent of Castile until his death in 1516. Joanna and Philip were proclaimed queen and king of Castile in 1504, but Ferdinand did not approve of the situation. At various times these alliances involved the forces of the Holy Roman Empire, the Papal States (duchies in Italy controlled by the pope), and numerous Italian city-states, as well as mercenaries (hired soldiers) from other countries such as Switzerland. Finally, Henry acted on advice from his chief minister, Thomas Cromwell (c. 14851540), and simply announced that the pope had no authority in England. During the Lancastrian War, the English allied with Philip III (called Philip the Good; 13961467, ruled 141967), the duke of Burgundy, to conquer most of northern and western France. To accomplish this goal, he arranged for Henry to marry Anne of Cleves (15151557), sister of the duke of Cleves, ruler of a small territory in the Rhine River region of Germany. Here Puritan Ferdinand and Isabella's son John had been the heir to the throne of Castile, but he had also died. After much negotiation, the following outcomes of the Yalta Conference emerged: Unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany, the division of Germany and Berlin into four occupational zones controlled by the United States, Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union. Germany, Italy land Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories. The right to the throne now went to Charles, her eldest son, who was only six years old. Jewish leaders such as Abraham . A significant development in all three of these monarchies was the rise of nationalism, or pride in and loyalty to one's homeland, which was a distinctive feature of the Renaissance period. At the time of the Moorish invasion, Christianity was also the dominant religion on the Iberian Peninsula. Moriscos were also fiercely opposing the efforts of the Inquisition. Louis's son, King Charles VIII (14701498; ruled 148398) then married Anne of Brittany (14771514) and merged Brittany, the last remaining From 1609 until 1614, between 300,000 and 350,000 Moriscos were forced to leave Spain. In 1441 an expedition returned from the Rio de Ouro region of Africa with a cargo of captured slaves, thus beginning the African slave trade, which continued into the nineteenth century. Don't forget - part of your success is choosing the best civilization to lead to victory, and we've already talked about that. In 1530 Clement VII officially crowned Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor. All ROK Peerless Scholar answers are provided below so that you can pass the Preliminary, Midterm, and Final Exams. They were well-known as capable warriors but had political aspirations beyond their simple desire for conquest. Early in 1518 the eighteen-year-old Charles took the throne of Spain. The grand tour of Europe, which often included extended visits to Rome and Florence, became part of the education of young English aristocrats and gentlemen. The problems started when Isabella died in 1504. This brief war (fought over the course of mere weeks) pitted Prussia and her allies against Austria and other German states. The Dutch quickly found an alternate route to the Spice Islands, bypassing the Portuguese-controlled Strait of Malacca by sailing around the island of Sumatra. They made the European discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, Brazil, and Labrador. For instance, Philip argued that he, as king, should be able to appoint bishops (officials who head church districts) and make governmental decisions without the consent of the pope. At home, Ferdinand concentrated on gaining control of territory around France so that France would not invade Spain. Charles's younger brother, Ferdinand, was named Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor in 1558. Throughout the 1630s, Olivares tried to persuade the Catalans to surrender these privileges, but he did not succeed. Gama responded by seizing a number of traders and fishermen from the harbor, killing them, and sending a boat filled with their body parts back to the Samuri. The following month Magellan was killed in a skirmish with the island natives. (See "The Inquisition" in Chapter 1.) James also had to contend with religious unrest. Nevertheless, he was convinced that the coast of Japan lay only a short distance west of his original landing point. Chapter 1. ) way down the Saint Lawrence River to the Great Lakes had also died changes that increase. Maps of the Netherlands, his attention was diverted by war with.... God had chosen him for a special mission to defend the Catholic Monarchs of Spain to power chapter... ( Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 2013 ) 304 pp but Ferdinand did not sail! Chapter. ) continent 's northern-most regions and paste the text into bibliography... Battles, at Parma and Fuenterrabia, but they were soundly defeated at and... 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